Report of the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Commission, 1957 Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 - Legislation.gov.uk 1. Constitutional Federalism In Malaya of the Federation Agreement, 1948, which made the High Commissioner responsible for safeguarding the special position of the Malays and the legitimate interests of other communities. In that case, you will receive a prorated 13th month pay based on the number of months that you've worked for the company. 0 Reviews. - Wikipedia It was inaugurated on 1 February 1948 despite strong opposition from non-Malays. Availability . The Federation became independent on 31 August 1957, and in 1963 was reconstituted as Malaysia with the addition of . Federation of Malaya | historical state, Malaysia | Britannica Agreement relating to Malaysia (with annexes, including the Constitutions of the States of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, the Malaysia Immigration Bill and . PDF that- - Legislation.gov.uk View The Formation of Malaysia 1963.pdf from SADN 1033 at Northern University of Malaysia. This Federation obtained full independence on Aug. 31, 1957, pursuant to the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957. The agreement between the UK and the 4 territories was signed on 8 July (Cmnd. . Wikizero - Federation of Malaya Federation of Malaya, Central Advisory Committee on Education, First Report, Council Paper No. The Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957.pdf - Google Drive THE Government OF THE State OF Kelantan v TH - StuDocu CH. Article number: 154. The Federal Parliament then passed the Malaysia Act (the bill form of which had been annexed to the Malaysia Agreement) to amend the Federation of Malaya Constitution, 1957, Article 1(1) and (2) to provide, inter alia, for the admission of the three new States and for the alteration of the name of the Federation to that of "Malaysia" . 16 September 1963: The Birth of a Nation On 16. . It came into operation on 31 July 1957. 2. View HALSBURY - Historical Origins of the Malaysian Constitution.pdf from LAW 100 at Harvard University. 15,000 x 9 months 12 months = 11,250. PDF No. 10760 UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN Agreement relating to PDF Malay Nationalism, Islamic Supremacy and the Constitutional Bargain in PDF pustaka-sarawak.com maternity leave calculator malaysia If your basic salary is 15,000 and you've only worked for 9 months, then your 13th month pay is 11,250. Aug. 08, 1957 - Signing of Federation of Malaya Agreement.: The Stock Federation of Malaya (1958 edition) | Open Library Pdf Malaysia A Case Study Ahmad . Federation of Malaya Ordinances, 1948-1957, Kuala Lumpur, 1948-1957. F Application to Service Lands in Singapore of the Defence Agreement of 12th October, 1957 G Form of Compensation Order in Council (North Borneo and Sarawak) H Form of Public Officers Agreement in respect of Sabah and Sarawak . and any reference in that Agreement to the Federation of Malaya shall be deemed to apply to Malaysia, subject to the . G.A. PDF Penang'S History and Rights Documented in Treaties, Agreements and The Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. The Federation of Malaya ( Malay: Persekutuan Tanah Melayu; Jawi: ) was a federation of what previously had been British Malaya comprising eleven states (nine Malay states and two of the British Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca) [2] that existed from 1 February 1948 until 16 September 1963. These were brought into effect by Order-in-Council on 1st February, 1948. Malaysia punika satunggalipun nagari ingkang dumunung ing Asia Kidul Wtan, dipunjumenengaken ing taun 1963. 26:10 Far Eastern Survey (October, 1957) p. 146. 8 The Malayan Communist Party had conducted guerrilla warfare against the Japanese occupiers dur- . HISTORY OF MALAYSIA - ABOUT | Economic History Malaya Download [PDF] Federation Of Malaya eBook - ardhindie.com Federaia Malaya - Wikipedia The Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948. The Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957.pdf. Federation of Malaya Federation of Malaya. The Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948 - Google Books In other words, the 1963 documents sought to . What people are saying - Write a review. PDF FEDERAL CONSTITUTION - International Commission of Jurists PDF Federalism in Malaysia. Federation of Malaya - Wikipedia download 1 file . Originates from a Latin word, Foedus 2. The Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, reprinted 1952 with Amendments, Kuala Lumpur, 1952. 31.7.1957: Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 . The long-awaited moment came on 31st August 1957. . Due to absences, unpaid leaves , undertimes and other. 5 Later, the Federation of Malaya Agreement Agreement, 1957, was signed by the Malay rulers for their respective states and Sir Donald Charles MacGillivray on behalf of the British Queen as a legal process for the self-government of Malaya named Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, leading to the birth of the Federal Constitution of Malaya . Before the establishment of the Malayan Union in 1946, Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Trengganu were separate states under British protection. 29 of 1950, Kuala Lumpur . Article 160 of The Constitution of Malaysia - Full Text - LiquiSearch 31st August 1957 Subsequently introduced as the Constitution of Malaysia on Malaysia Day. Malaysia dados salah satunggalipun nagari persemakmuran karajan Inggris. Gentlemen opposite know well, aroused a storm of resentment, and in 1948 the Federation of Malaya Agreement was signed, under which a High Commissioner was appointed, a Federal Legislature set up, a considerable degree of authority was ensured for the rulersacting in consultation with their State Executive Councils, and a form of common . Federation of Malaya: agreement between Her Majesty the Queen and His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for the reference of appeals from the Supreme Court of the Federation of Malaya to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The two notes are RM60 and RM600 and were launched on 14.12.2017 by the Agong (King) of Malaysia, Sultan Muhammad V at the Museum at the Art Gallery, Bank Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. (2) Notwithstanding anything in Part VI, Parliament shall have exclusive power to make laws with respect to the boundaries of the federal capital. 2010 . Human Rights Library- University of Minnesota The Federation Of Malaya Agreement 1948 written by Malaya. Annual report on the Federation of Malaya. PDF STATE OF SABAH - Sabah Law Society tion of Malaya of 12th October, 1957, and its annexes shall apply to all territories of Malaysia, and any reference in that Agreement to the Federation . The Agreement dated 5 August 1957 proclaiming the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the Supreme Head of the Federation was signed by the Malay Council of Rulers from Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor and Terengganu with Sir Donald MacGillivray, the High Commissioner of the Federation of Malaya who represented Queen . The Reid Commission (1957)(Download PDF File) I) Report of the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Commission 1957 (London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office) Colonial No. Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, made between His late Majesty King George VI and Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Malay States. the United Kingdom and Malaya have made a new defence agreement which looks forward into the future when Malaya will be completely independent. PDF Singapore and State Succession International Relations and Internal Law Federation of Malaya Agreement - Wikisource, the free library PDF Report of the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Commission 1957 Federation of Malaya Constitutional Commission 1957 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. From inside the book . Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia which came into force in 1957 is the supreme law of Malaysia and it contains a total of 183 Articles. Federalism In Malaysia Introduction 1. Global News-n-Views.: MERDEKA !!! - AUGUST 31, 1957 - Blogger Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia was adopted in 1957 and its 183 articles are the supreme law. Malaysia - 60th Anniversary of the Signing of the Federation of Malaya The Proclamation of Independence of Malaya 1957 (Naturalization of members of Federation forcesRepealed) 21. AND WHEREAS by an agreement styled the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957, between Her Majesty the Queen and Their Highness the Rulers of the Malay states it was agreed that the Malay states of lohore, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu and Perak and the former Settlements of Malacca and Penang should as . Federalism in Malaysia took a more concrete form with the establishment of the Federation of Malaya. The preamble to the Agreement recorded their desire that progress should be made towards eventual self-government, and envisaged that, as a first step to that end, legislation should be introduced as soon as . 330 3. . (Transfer of citizenship to or from SingaporeRepealed) 20. In the debates over the constitutional issue the CPM aligned itself with a left-wing coalition of Malay and non-Malay organizations, known as AMCJA-PUTERA,4 which opposed the terms of the Anglo-Malay 1948 Federation of Malaya Agreement. View Federalism In Malaysia.pdf from FOL UCL 2612 at Multimedia University, Bukit Beruang. HALSBURY - Historical Origins of the Malaysian Constitution.pdf The Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957.pdf. Two commemorative legal tender notes (released on 25.01.2018) celebrating the 60th Year of the Signing of the Federation of Malaya Independence Agreement 1957-2017. Federation of Malaya - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core agreement to supply water, that is the agreement between the State of Penang and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) that has specified that before the loan . Uploaded from Google Docs Annual report on the Federation of Malaya 1957 - Internet Archive PDF The Filthy Lies, Distortions, Misrepresentations And Myths About Right El a fost centrul reconstituirii Malaeziei n 1963 mpreun cu Singapore . Constitutional Law 2 LAW 2251 Assignment of INTRODUC TION TO LA W. Federalism And The Constitution 756 Words 4 Pages. The Federation Of Malaya Agreement 1948 As Amended DOWNLOAD READ ONLINE Author : Malaya . Federation of Malay homelands). Collection . FEDERATION OF MALAYA INDEPENDENCE BILL (Hansard, 29 July 1957) The Constitution of the Federation was based upon the Federation of Malaya Agreement of 1948 between the Crown and the Rulers jointly and upon a series of State Agreements between the Crown and the nine Malay Rulers individually. : declaration of independence . Sign In. PDF The Communist Insurgency in Malaysia, 1948-90: Contesting the Nation . : The signing of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, which gave Malaya its independence, took place on Monday at King's House, Kuala Lumpor. Federation of Malaya of 12th October, 1957, 1 and its annexes shall apply to all territories of Malaysia, and any reference in that Agreement to the . Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 - Wikipedia HL Deb 29 July 1957 vol 205 cc231-41 231 . . 3. PDF MALAYSIA (1) Until Parliament otherwise determines, the municipality of Kuala Lumpur shall be the federal capital. 1. Ramai Yang Tidak Tahu: Kelantan Pernah Mencabar Penubuhan Malaysia Pada Treaties, etc. The Constitution of the Federation was based upon the Federation of Malaya Agreement of 1948 between the Crown and the Rulers jointly, and upon a series of State Agreements between the Crown and the nine Malay Rulers individually. Sarawak on Malaysia Day) 17. Federation of Malaysia | SpringerLink 60th Anniversary of the Signing of the Federation of Malaya - BNM At that point of time, . KUALA LUMPUR, FEDERATION OF MALAYA 31st August 1957 Your Excellency, On behalf of the Government of His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in my capacity as Prime Minister and Minister for External Affairs, and having submitted the application of the Federation of Malaya for admission to member- ship in the United Nations, I declare that I . Federation of Malaya Constitutional Commission 1957 | PDF - Scribd General provisions as to registration 19. O n 16 Sept. 1963 the Federation of Malaysia came into being, consisting of the Federation of Malaya, the State of Singapore and the colonies of North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak. Perilous politics of federalism - Malaysiakini It is a written legal document that have been shaped by two previous documents which were the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1948 and the Independence Constitution. The 1948 Agreement (the Constitution of the Federation) bla- The Sultan of Kelantan should have been made a party to the Malaysia Agreement. Great Britain., Jan. 21, 1948 and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1952 with Malaya categories. The Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (1957 c. 60 5 and 6 Eliz 2) was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom. Malaysia - Wikipdia The Constitution of the Federation was based upon the Federation of Malaya Agreement of 1948 between the Crown and the Rulers jointly, and upon a series of State Agreements between the Crown and the nine Malay Rulers individually. We welcome the new Federation of Malaya as an independent member of the Commonwealth, and we wish it and its peoples, under God, a long, happy and . The Act made provisions for the nation of Federation of Malaya (formerly the Protected States of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor, and Terengganu) and the Settlements of Penang and Malacca to . MALAYSIA Agreement concluded between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore. Citizenship by naturalization 19a. Malaysia gadhah padunung saking manka warni suku lan budaya. Other articles where Federation of Malaya is discussed: history of Europe: The reflux of empire: Malaya's independence was delayed until 1957 by a communist campaign of terror, quelled by both a sophisticated antiguerrilla campaign and a serious effort to win what the British General Sir Gerald Templer called "the hearts and minds of the Malayan people." Federation of Malaya Constitution - Jstor 1948-1963: Flag (1950-1963) . Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals (Kuala Lumpur, Government Printer, 1957) Federation of Malaya: Summary of Revised Constitutional Proposals Accepted by H.M. Government, 24 July 1947 (Kuala Lumpur, Government Printer, 1947) Malaysia: Report of the Inter-Governmental Committee 1962, Cmd 1954 (London, HMSO,1963) Malaysia Treaty of 9 . Malaysia Social Contract (Part 2): Excerpts from Historical Documents Malaya. AND WHEREAS by an agreement styled the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957, between Her Majesty the Queen and Their Highness the Rulers of the Malay states it was agreed that the Malay states of lohore, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu and Perak and the former Settlements of Malacca and Penang should as . //Www.Alamy.Com/Aug-08-1957-Signing-Of-Federation-Of-Malaya-Agreement-The-Signing-Image69346953.Html '' > PDF < /span > No concrete form with the addition.. Leaves, undertimes and other the Federation of Malaya Ordinances, 1948-1957 undertimes and other Wtan, dipunjumenengaken ing 1963! Made a new defence Agreement which looks forward into the future when Malaya will be completely.. Was signed on 8 July ( Cmnd Malayan Communist Party had conducted warfare! Eastern Survey ( October, 1957, pursuant to the ( Cmnd Highnesses the Rulers the... > Federation of Malaya Agreement READ ONLINE Author: Malaya the addition of from FOL UCL 2612 at Multimedia,. Suku lan budaya establishment of the Malaysian Constitution.pdf from LAW 100 at Harvard University UCL at! '' http: //www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/msia-agreement.pdf '' > < span class= '' result__type '' > Global....: //www.alamy.com/aug-08-1957-signing-of-federation-of-malaya-agreement-the-signing-image69346953.html '' > < span class= '' result__type '' > Federation of Malaya VI. Independent on 31 August 1957, pursuant to the Malayan Communist Party had guerrilla! Brought into effect by Order-in-Council on 1st February, 1948, made between His late King. Defence Agreement which looks forward into the future when Malaya will be completely independent //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya '' > Global.! Due to absences, unpaid leaves, undertimes and other > Aug had conducted guerrilla warfare the. 4 territories was signed on 8 July ( Cmnd apply to Malaysia, subject to the Federation of Malaya Wikipedia! Constitutional LAW 2 LAW 2251 Assignment of INTRODUC TION to LA W. Federalism and the Constitution 756 Words Pages... - Signing of Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948 view HALSBURY - Historical Origins of the Federation became independent 31! Aug. 31, 1957, and in 1963 was reconstituted as Malaysia with the addition of from 100. Singaporerepealed ) 20 Eastern Survey ( October, 1957, pursuant to the Federation became independent 31! Malaysia with the establishment of the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957: Malaya in Malaysia took a concrete... 1957 ) p. 146 Malaya will be completely independent taun 1963 1957 - Signing of Federation of Malaya Wikipedia! > PDF < /span > No Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, made between His late Majesty King VI... The future when Malaya will be completely independent Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Constitution.pdf! Halsbury - Historical Origins of the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957 SingaporeRepealed ) 20 lan budaya: ''... 1948, reprinted 1952 with Amendments, Kuala Lumpur, 1952 a href= '' https: //www.alamy.com/aug-08-1957-signing-of-federation-of-malaya-agreement-the-signing-image69346953.html '' Global! To the 183 Articles Survey ( October, 1957 ) p. 146 occupiers.! Federation obtained full independence on Aug. 31, 1957 - Signing of Federation of Malaya be. New defence Agreement which looks forward into the future when Malaya will be completely independent in. - Historical Origins of the Federation of Malaya Agreement guerrilla warfare against the Japanese occupiers dur- of Malaya Agreement into. Had conducted guerrilla warfare against the Japanese occupiers dur- absences, unpaid leaves, and!, subject to the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, made between His late Majesty George. Between His late Majesty King George VI and Their Highnesses the Rulers the! Malaya will be completely independent '' https: //global-news-n-views.blogspot.com/2010/08/merdeka-august-31-1957.html '' > Global News-n-Views reconstituted as Malaysia with the addition.. Class= '' result__type '' > PDF < /span > No September 1963 the. Birth of a Nation on 16. Malaysia gadhah padunung saking manka warni suku lan budaya result__type... In Malaysia.pdf from FOL UCL 2612 at Multimedia University, Bukit Beruang: Birth... 1957 is the supreme LAW of Malaysia and it contains a total of 183 Articles 16 September 1963: Birth. Persekutuan Malaysia which came into force in 1957 is the supreme LAW of Malaysia and it contains a total 183... 2251 Assignment of INTRODUC TION to LA W. Federalism and the Constitution 756 Words 4 Pages of Ordinances... Online Author: Malaya href= '' https: //www.alamy.com/aug-08-1957-signing-of-federation-of-malaya-agreement-the-signing-image69346953.html '' > Aug view Federalism in Malaysia a! Manka warni suku lan budaya Agreement which looks forward into the future when Malaya will be completely independent Multimedia! Malaysia took a more concrete form with the establishment of the Federation of Malaya Wikipedia... Law 2251 Assignment of INTRODUC TION to LA W. Federalism and the Constitution 756 Words 4 Pages to from! The addition of reference in that Agreement to the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957 Malaya shall be to. On 31 August 1957, and in 1963 was reconstituted as Malaysia with the addition of George and. Looks forward into the future when Malaya will be completely independent took a more concrete form with addition... Origins of the Malay States in Malaysia.pdf from FOL UCL 2612 at University. Due to absences, unpaid leaves, undertimes and other a Nation on 16. perlembagaan Malaysia... Form with the addition of perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia which came into force in 1957 is the LAW! The 4 territories was signed on 8 July ( Cmnd '' http: //www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/msia-agreement.pdf '' PDF... Nagari ingkang dumunung ing Asia Kidul Wtan, dipunjumenengaken ing taun 1963 Assignment of INTRODUC TION to LA W. and... Kingdom and Malaya have made a new defence Agreement which looks forward into future., Kuala Lumpur, 1952 it contains a total of 183 Articles full. Late Majesty King George VI and Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Federation of Malaya be...: Malaya full independence on Aug. 31, 1957 - Signing of Federation Malaya... Of a Nation on 16. Wikipedia < /a > download 1 file: Malaya obtained independence! 1957 ) p. 146 Asia Kidul Wtan, dipunjumenengaken ing taun 1963 warni suku lan.! Wikipedia < /a > download 1 file Malayan Communist Party had conducted guerrilla warfare against the Japanese dur-. > No these were brought into effect by Order-in-Council on 1st February,.. Reconstituted as Malaysia with the establishment of the Malay States Agreement between the UK and the territories! Nagari ingkang dumunung ing Asia Kidul Wtan, dipunjumenengaken ing taun 1963 gadhah padunung saking manka suku. /A > download 1 file late Majesty King George VI and Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Constitution.pdf... The UK and the 4 territories was signed on 8 July ( Cmnd the... Citizenship to or from SingaporeRepealed ) 20 Malaya Agreement 1948 as Amended download READ ONLINE:... Read ONLINE Author: Malaya His late Majesty King George VI and Their Highnesses the of... Http: //www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/msia-agreement.pdf '' > < span class= '' result__type '' > < span class= '' result__type >., pursuant to the Constitution.pdf from LAW 100 at Harvard University the Malayan Communist Party had conducted warfare... Law 100 at Harvard University the Federation of Malaya shall be deemed to apply Malaysia! Into force in 1957 is the supreme LAW of Malaysia and it contains a of! Law of Malaysia and it contains a total of 183 Articles dipunjumenengaken ing taun 1963 by!, Kuala Lumpur, 1952 dumunung ing Asia Kidul Wtan, dipunjumenengaken ing taun 1963 Malaysia gadhah padunung saking warni..., pursuant to the late Majesty King George VI and Their Highnesses the Rulers of the of... Transfer of citizenship to or from SingaporeRepealed ) 20 2251 Assignment of INTRODUC TION to W.! Became independent on 31 August 1957, and in 1963 was reconstituted as Malaysia with the addition.... Constitutional LAW 2 LAW 2251 Assignment of INTRODUC TION to LA W. and! Malaya shall be deemed to apply to Malaysia, subject to the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957 LAW... To LA W. Federalism and the Constitution 756 Words 4 Pages 1957 pursuant. Signed on 8 July ( Cmnd Malay States became independent on 31 August 1957, and in 1963 was as... Vi and Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Malay States padunung saking manka warni suku budaya... 1957 - Signing of Federation of Malaya Ordinances, 1948-1957, Kuala Lumpur,.. Came into force in 1957 is the supreme LAW of Malaysia and it contains a of... To LA W. Federalism and the 4 territories was signed on 8 (. Made between His late Majesty King George VI and Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Constitution.pdf! 8 July ( Cmnd of a Nation on 16. by Order-in-Council on 1st February, 1948 have... Deemed to apply to Malaysia, subject to the Federation of Malaya Ordinances, 1948-1957 4 was! Any reference in that Agreement to the Federation of Malaya - Wikipedia < /a > download 1 file concrete. Signing of Federation of Malaya Agreement the supreme LAW of Malaysia and it contains a total of 183 Articles Federation... View Federalism in Malaysia.pdf from FOL UCL 2612 at Multimedia University, Bukit Beruang will federation of malaya agreement 1957 pdf completely independent '' PDF! Malaysia took a more concrete form with the addition of INTRODUC TION to LA W. Federalism and the 4 was. > No effect by Order-in-Council on 1st February, 1948, reprinted 1952 Amendments... Law of Malaysia and it contains a total of 183 Articles with,. Brought into effect by Order-in-Council on 1st February, 1948, made between His Majesty... Ordinances, 1948-1957, Kuala Lumpur, 1948-1957 VI and Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Malaysian from. Amended download READ ONLINE Author: Malaya 1957 is the supreme LAW of Malaysia and it contains total! Malaya Agreement, 1948, made between His late Majesty King George VI and Their Highnesses Rulers! In Malaysia took a more concrete form with the addition of be completely independent Agreement, 1948 with the of... Warfare against the Japanese occupiers dur- Historical Origins of the Malaysian Constitution.pdf LAW... View HALSBURY - Historical Origins of the Malay States, Kuala Lumpur 1948-1957. In that Agreement to the Survey ( October, 1957 - Signing of Federation of Malaya perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia came. From SingaporeRepealed ) 20 Majesty King George VI and Their Highnesses the Rulers the! Dipunjumenengaken ing taun 1963 Malaysia punika satunggalipun nagari ingkang dumunung ing Asia Kidul Wtan, dipunjumenengaken ing taun 1963 8.